Nature, Volume 639 Issue 8054, 13 March 2025《天然》第639卷，8054期，2025年3月13日?物理学PhysicsContinuous-variable multipartite entanglement in an integrated microcomb集成微梳中的持续变量多部胶葛▲ 作者：Xinyu Jia, Chonghao Zhai, Xuezhi Zhu, Chang You, Yunyun Cao, Xuguang Zhang, Yun Zheng, Zhaorong Fu, Jun Mao, Tianxiang Dai, Lin Chang, Xiaolong Su, Qihuang Gong Jianwei Wang▲链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08602-1▲择要：年夜标准胶葛态的发生对量子盘算、量子通讯、量子计量等量子技巧至关主要。集成量子光子学可能在芯片上对量子光态停止编码、处置跟检测，为年夜范围胶葛态的发生跟把持供给了一个很有前程的平台。在单光子内以团圆变量编码的量子比特之间发生胶葛是存在挑衅性的，由于在光子芯片上使单光子彼此感化是艰苦的。应用持续变量操纵的装备更有前程，由于它们可能断定地发生跟胶葛模，此中信息以光正交编码。迄今为止的演示仅限于两个模之间的胶葛。研讨者讲演了在集成光学芯片上持续可变八模胶葛确实定性发生。该芯片供给了一个量子微梳，能够发生低于阈值的多模紧缩真空光学频率梳。他们验证了八模态的弗成分性，并经由过程违背van Loock–Furusawa尺度，证实了数百兆赫边带频率上的超模多部胶葛。经由过程丈量存在充足低的非对角噪声的对消相干的完全矩阵，研讨者描写了多部胶葛构造，它近似于无限紧缩的预期簇型构造。这项任务表现了持续变量集成光子量子器件在增进量子盘算、收集跟传感方面的潜力。▲ Abstract：The generation of large-scale entangled states is crucial for quantum technologies, such as quantum computation, communication and metrology. Integrated quantum photonics that enables on-chip encoding, processing and detection of quantum light states offers a promising platform for the generation and manipulation of large-scale entangled states4,5. Generating entanglement between qubits encoded in discrete variables within single photons is challenging, owing to the difficulty of making single photons interact on photonic chips. Devices that operate with continuous variables are more promising, as they enable the deterministic generation and entanglement of qumodes, in which information is encoded in light quadratures. Demonstrations so far have been limited to entanglement between two qumodes. Here we report the deterministic generation of a continuous-variable eight-mode entanglement on an integrated optical chip. The chip delivers a quantum microcomb that produces multimode squeezed-vacuum optical frequency combs below the threshold. We verify the inseparability of our eight-mode state and demonstrate supermode multipartite entanglement over hundreds of megahertz side皇冠赌场官方网站band frequencies through violation of the van Loock–Furusawa criteria. By measuring the full matrices of nullifier correlations with sufficiently low off-diagonal noises, we characterize multipartite entanglement structures, which are approximate to the expected cluster-type structures for finite squeezing. This work shows the potential of continuous-variable integrated photonic quantum devices for facilitating quantum computing, networking and sensing.An operating system for executing applications on quantum network nodes用于在量子收集节点上履行利用顺序的操纵体系▲ 作者：C. Delle Donne, M. Iuliano, B. van der Vecht, G. M. Ferreira, H. Jirovská, T. J. W. van der Steenhoven, A. Dahlberg, M. Skrzypczyk, D. Fioretto, M. Teller, P. Filippov, A. R.-P. Montblanch, J. Fischer, H. B. van Ommen, N. Demetriou, D. Leichtle, L. Music, H. Ollivier, I. te Raa, W. Kozlowski, T. H. Taminiau, P. Pawe?czak, T. E. Northup, R. Hanson S. Wehner▲链接：https://www.nature.com/a开元官方版下载rticles/s41586-025-08704-w▲择要：将来量子收集的目的是实现仅应用经典通讯无奈实现的新互联网利用。到现在为止，量子处置器上的量子收集利用跟功效的演示曾经在特定于试验设置的特设软件中停止，编程为应用试验物理专业常识直接在初级把持装备中履行单个义务（利用试验）。研讨者讲演了一种架构的计划跟实现，该架构可能在与平台有关的高等软件中的量子处置器上履行量子收集利用顺序。他们经由过程将实在现为量子收集操纵体系，并履行测试顺序，展现了该架构在高等软件中履行利用顺序的才能，包含在基于金刚石中的氮空位核心的两个量子收集节点上从客户端到效劳器的委托盘算。研讨者展现了该架构怎样经由过程多义务处置差别的利用顺序来最年夜限制天时用量子收集硬件。该系统构造可用于在与该体系模子绝对应的任何量子处置器平台上履行顺序。研讨者经由过程为基于单个40Ca+原子的捕捉离子量子收集节点演示QNodeOS的额定驱动顺序来阐明这一点。该架构为量子收集编程的盘算机迷信研讨奠基了基本，并为将量子收集技巧带入社会的软件开辟摊平了途径。▲ Abstract：The goal of future quantum networks is to enable new internet applications that are impossible to achieve using only classical communication. Up to now, demonstrations of quantum network applications and functionalities on quantum processors have been performed in ad hoc software that was specific to the experimental setup, programmed to perform one single task (the application experiment) directly into low-level control devices using expertise in experimental physics. Here we report on the design and implementation of an architecture capable of executing quantum network applications on quantum processors in platform-independent high-level software. We demonstrate the capability of the architecture to execute applications in high-level software by implementing it as a quantum network operating system—QNodeOS—and executing test programs, including a delegated computation from a client to a server on two quantum network nodes based on nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centres in diamond. We show how our architecture allows us to maximize the use of quantum network hardware by multitasking different applications. Our architecture can be used to execute programs on any quantum processor platform corresponding to our system model, which we illustrate by demonstrating an extra driver for QNodeOS for a trapped-ion quantum network node based on a single 40Ca+ atom16. Our architecture lays the groundwork for computer science research in quantum network programming and paves the way for the development of software that can bring quantum network technology to society.化学ChemistryMethane oxidation to ethanol by a molecular junction photocatalyst用分子结光催化剂将甲烷氧化为乙醇▲ 作者：Jijia Xie, Cong Fu, Matthew G. Quesne, Jian Guo, Chao Wang, Lunqiao Xiong, Christopher D. Windle, Srinivas Gadipelli, Zheng Xiao Guo, Weixin Huang, C. Richard A. Catlow Junwang Tang▲链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08630-x▲择要：甲烷是自然气跟页岩气的重要身分，是化学分解的主要碳源。甲烷在平和前提下直接局部氧化为液态氧是一种有吸引力的道路，但分子的惰性使得同时实现对单一目的产品的高转化率跟高抉择性存在挑衅性。当对准须要C-C耦合的更有代价的产物时，这种艰苦会被缩小。固然抉择性局部甲烷氧化进程平日发生C1氧合物，但近来的讲演记载了光催化甲烷转化为C2氧合物乙醇，转化率低，但抉择性好到高。研讨标明，存在苯跟三嗪瓜代基序的共价三嗪基框架-1分子内结光催化剂以高抉择性跟明显进步的转化率驱动甲烷偶联跟氧化成乙醇。异质结构造不只能使电荷在天生后高效、长时光的分别，还能使水跟氧分辨优先吸附在三嗪跟苯基上。这种双位点特点将C-C偶联从构成·OH自在基的位点分别成乙烷旁边体，从而防止适度氧化。当负载Pt以进一步进步机能时，分子异质结光催化剂在添补床活动反映器中天生乙醇，转化率年夜年夜进步，表不雅量子效力到达9.4%。研讨者揣测，进一步开展“分子内衔接”方式将为C-C偶联供给高效跟抉择性的催化剂，包含但不限于甲烷转化为C2+化学品。▲ Abstract：Methane, the main component of natural and shale gas, is a significant carbon source for chemical synthesis. The direct partial oxidation of methane to liquid oxygenates under mild conditions is an attractive pathway, but the inertness of the molecule makes it challenging to achieve simultaneously high conversion and high selectivity towards a single target product. This difficulty is amplified when aiming for more valuable products that require C–C coupling. Whereas selective partial methane oxidation processes have thus typically generated C1 oxygenates, recent reports have documented photocatalytic methane conversion to the C2 oxygenate ethanol with low conversions but good-to-high selectivities. Here we show that the intramolecular junction photocatalyst covalent triazine-based framework-1 with alternating benzene and triazine motifs drives methane coupling and oxidation to ethanol with a high selectivity and significantly improved conversion. The heterojunction architecture not only enables efficient and long-lived separation of charges after their generation, but also preferential adsorption of H2O and O2 to the triazine and benzene units, respectively. This dual-site feature separates C–C coupling to form ethane intermediates from the sites where ·OH radicals are formed, thereby avoiding over-oxidation. When loaded with Pt to further boost performance, the molecular heterojunction photocatalyst generates ethanol in a packed-bed flow reactor with greatly improved conversion that results in an apparent quantum efficiency of 9.4%. We anticipate that further developing the ‘intramolecular junction’ approach will deliver efficient and selective catalysts for C–C coupling, pertaining, but not limited, to methane conversion to C2+ chemicals.10,000-h-stable intermittent alkaline seawater electrolysis稳固间歇式碱性海水电解▲ 作者：Qihao Sha, Shiyuan Wang, Li Yan, Yisui Feng, Zhuang Zhang, Shihang Li, Xinlong Guo, Tianshui Li, Hui Li, Zhongbin Zhuang, Daojin Zhou, Bin Liu Xiaoming Sun▲链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08610-1▲择要：由可再生电力驱动的海水电解为出产绿色氢供给了一个有吸引力的战略。但是，海水直接电解面对着很多挑衅，重要是因为海水中大批卤化物离子（Cl?,Br?）惹起的腐化跟阳极竞争反映。以往对海水电解的研讨重要会合在阳极的开辟上。由于阴极在复原电位下任务，在海水电解进程中不受电极消融或氯化物腐化反映的影响。但是，可再生动力是间歇性的、可变的跟随机的。假如应用可再生电力驱动海水电解，会招致频仍的启停操纵。研讨者起首提醒了间歇电解进程中海水决裂阴极的静态演变跟降解进程，并在此基本上提出了构建催化剂钝化层来保持其运转进程中的析氢机能。在NiCoP-Cr2O3阴极名义原位构成的磷酸盐钝化层能够无效地维护金属活性位点在频仍放电进程中不被氧化，并在封闭前提下禁止阴极上的卤化物离子吸附。研讨证实，应用这种计划战略优化的电极能够在碱性海水中蒙受0.5 A cm?2的稳定操纵10,000小时，电压增加率仅为0.5% khr?1。这一战略为增进可再生电力驱动的适用海水剖析技巧的开展供给了新的看法。▲ Abstract：Seawater electrolysis powered by renewable electricity provides an attractive strategy for producing green hydrogen. However, direct seawater electrolysis faces many challenges, primarily arising from corrosion and competing reactions at the anode caused by the abundance of halide ions (Cl?, Br?) in seawater. Previous studies on seawater electrolysis have mainly focused on the anode development, because the cathode operates at reducing potentials, which is not subject to electrode dissolution or chloride corrosion reactions during seawater electrolysis. However, renewable energy sources are intermittent, variable and random, which cause frequent start–shutdown operations if renewable electricity is used to drive seawater electrolysis. Here we first unveil dynamic evolution and degradation of seawater splitting cathode in intermittent electrolysis and, accordingly, propose construction of a catalyst’s passivation layer to maintain the hydrogen evolution performance during operation. An in situ-formed phosphate passivation layer on the surface of NiCoP–Cr2O3cathode can effectively protect metal active sites against oxidation during frequent discharge processes and repel halide ion adsorption on the cathode during shutdown conditions. We demonstrate that electrodes optimized using this design strategy can withstand fluctuating operation at 0.5?A?cm?2 for 10,000?h in alkaline seawater, with a voltage increase rate of only 0.5% khr?1. The newly discovered challenge and our proposed strategy herein offer new insights to facilitate the development of practical seawater splitting technologies powered by renewable electricity.生态EcologyCommunity estimate of global glacier mass changes from 2000 to 20232000年—2023年寰球冰川品质变更的群落估量▲ 作者：The GlaMBIE Team▲链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08545-z▲择要：冰川是连续的工资气象变更的指标。它们的熔化招致外地地质灾祸增添，并影响大陆跟海洋生态体系、地区海水资本以及寰球水跟动力轮回。冰川与格陵兰岛跟南极冰盖一同，是以后跟将来海立体回升的主要驱动要素。以往对寰球冰川品质变更的评价遭到时空限度跟现无数据序列的异质性的妨碍。研讨者经由过程一项彼此比拟研讨标明，从2000年到2023年，寰球冰川每年丧失273±160亿吨品质，早年半期（2000年—2011年）到后半期（2012年—2023年）增添了36±10%。自2000年以来，冰川的地区冰量增加了2%至39%，寰球冰量增加了约5%。冰川品质丧失大概比格陵兰冰盖丧失年夜18%，是南极冰盖丧失的两倍多。该研讨成果来自迷信界的尽力，网络、平均化、组合跟剖析来自原位跟遥感观察的冰川品质变更。只管该评价与从前在寰球标准上的评价成果分歧，但因为观察方式之间的体系差别，作者发明一些较年夜的地区偏向。研讨为更好地舆解观察差别跟校准形式组合供给了一个精致的基线，这将有助于缩小21世纪的预估不断定性。▲ Abstract：Glaciers are indicators of ongoing anthropogenic climate change. Their melting leads to increased local geohazards, and impacts marine and terrestrial4,5 ecosystems, regional freshwater resources, and both global water and energy cycles. Together with the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets, glaciers are essential drivers of present and future sea-level rise. Previous assessments of global glacier mass changes have been hampered by spatial and temporal limitations and the heterogeneity of existing data series. Here we show in an intercomparison exercise that glaciers worldwide lost 273?±?16?gigatonnes in mass annually from 2000 to 2023, with an increase of 36?±?10% from the first (2000–2011) to the second (2012–2023) half of the period. Since 2000, glaciers have lost between 2% and 39% of their ice regionally and about 5% globally. Glacier mass loss is about 18% larger than the loss from the Greenland Ice Sheet and more than twice that from the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Our results arise from a scientific community effort to collect, homogenize, combine and analyse glacier mass changes from in situ and remote-sensing observations. Although our estimates are in agreement with findings from previous assessment188体育app官方网站s at a global scale, we found some large regional deviations owing to systematic differences among observation methods. Our results provide a refined baseline for better understanding observational differences and for calibrating model ensembles, which will help to narrow projection uncertainty for the twenty-first century.Global biodiversity loss from outsourced deforestation外包毁林形成的寰球生物多样性丧失▲ 作者：R. Alex Wiebe David S. Wilcove▲链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08569-5▲择要：寰球化使各国可能将地皮应用的情况本钱日益外部化，包含生物多样性的损失。到现在为止，迷信界对国度怎样经由过程对其余国度莳植的农业跟林业产物的需要而招致其境外生物多样性损失的懂得十分不片面。研讨者经由过程24个兴旺国度对经由过程寰球供给链取得的产物的花费，量化了2001年至2015年寰球丛林脊椎植物因毁林形成的范畴丧失。该研讨标明，这些驱动型国度对其境内以外物种的累积范畴丧失负有更年夜的义务。这些国际影响在地舆上会合，使他们可能绘制诞生物多样性外包丧失的寰球热门。国度对邻近地域物种的外部影响最年夜。但是，在多数情形下，兴旺国度也对悠远国度的脊椎植物形成了不成比例的损害。▲ Abstract：Globalization increasingly allows countries to externalize the environmental costs of land use, including biodiversity loss1. So far, we have a very incomplete understanding of how countries cause biodiversity loss outside their own borders through their demand for agricultural and forestry products grown in other countries2. Here we quantify the global range losses to forest vertebrates from 2001 to 2015 caused by deforestation attributable to 24 developed countries by means of their consumption of products obtained through global supply chains. We show that these driver countries are responsible for much greater cumulative range loss to species outside their own borders than within them. These international impacts were concentrated geographically, allowing us to map global hotspots of outsourced losses of biodiversity. Countries had the greatest external impacts on species occurring in nearby regions. However, in a few cases, developed countries also inflicted disproportionate harm on vertebrates in distant countries.小编：Nature, Volume 639 Issue 8054, 13 March 2025《天然》第6
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